![]() Semmer AE, Lee MS, Harrison AR, Olsen TW (2008) Hydroxychloroquine retinopathy screening. Int Ophthalmol Clin 39:49–57Īlacron GS (2002) How frequently and how soon should we screen our patients for the presence of antimalarial retinopathy? Arthritis Rheum 46:561 Arthritis Rheum 39:723–727Įasterbrook M (1999) Detection and prevention of maculopathy associated with antimalarial agents. Eye 3:777–782Īmerican College of Rheumatology Ad Hoc Committee on Clinical Guidelines (1996) Guidelines for monitoring drug therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Ophthalmol 64:245–252īishara SA, Matamoros N (1989) Evaluation of several tests in screening for chloroquine maculopathy. Shearer RV, Dubois EL (1967) Ocular changes induced by long-term hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil) therapy. Hobbs HE, Sorby A, Freedman A (1959) Retinopathy following chloroquine therapy. The higher variability of color vision and visual field testing results suggests the use of mfERG as primary screening tool for retinal dysfunction in long-term CQ/HCQ treatment. The use of mfERG may detect retinal dysfunction in a considerable number of eyes with normal ophthalmocopy and fluorescein angiography. Results of color vision and visual field testing were variable even in patients with morphologic alterations. Six patients had normal mfERG, ophthalmoscopy, and fluorescein angiography. Ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography identified pathologic retinal changes in seven of these 14 patients. Towards the periphery, the function was normal or only moderately reduced. In 14 patients, retinal dysfunction was indicated in the mfERG (reduced amplitudes and/or delayed implicit times) in the parafoveal area. Twenty patients with long-term CQ/HCQ treatment underwent ophthalmologic evaluation including visual acuity testing, ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, color vision tests, visual field and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). To compare various screening methods for the early diagnosis of retinal dysfunction in patients with long-term chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) treatment.
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